The state-level rules every owner and walker in Michigan should know. Local leash lengths, licensing and off-leash rules are set by each city — find those on the city pages below.
Michigan is a strict-liability state (MCL 287.351) and, unusually, has a statewide leash-and-license law (MCL 287.262) on top of local rules.
Michigan is a strict-liability state. Under MCL 287.351, if a dog bites a person without provocation while that person is on public property or lawfully on private property (including the owner's own), the owner is liable for any damages — regardless of the dog's former viciousness or the owner's knowledge of it. There is no one free bite, and breed is not a defense.
Limits and defenses: strict liability applies to bites only — a dog that knocks someone down, scratches, or jumps is handled under common-law negligence (which does require showing the owner knew the dog was dangerous, Hiner v. Mojica); provocation is a defense (a proportional reaction to being teased or hit; a disproportionate response is not provoked); and the victim must be lawfully present.
Unlike most states, Michigan sets baseline rules at the state level: all dogs over 6 months old must be licensed, wear a collar with the current tag, and be appropriately leashed off the owner's property (working or training dogs excepted). Female dogs in heat must be leashed when off the premises. Local ordinances add more on top — leash-length caps (for example, Grosse Pointe caps the leash at 10 feet), fencing, signage, and microchip rules for dangerous dogs. Violating a leash law is negligence and can support liability if a bite or injury results.
Tethering (Penal Code 750.50): a tether must be at least three times the dog's body length and allow free movement. Bite reporting: under the Michigan Public Health Code, every bite must be reported to the local health department, generally within 24 hours — a duty shared by owners, physicians, and veterinarians — which triggers a rabies quarantine (typically 10 days) and creates the official record.
A court can declare a dog dangerous (MCL 287.321) if it bit or attacked a person or seriously attacked another dog without justification. A later bite by a known-dangerous dog can be a misdemeanor; one that kills or seriously injures someone can expose the owner to felony charges — up to four years, heavy fines, and possible euthanasia. Detroit specifically requires, for dangerous animals, a locked 6-ft enclosure, a muzzle and a leash no longer than 6 ft off-property, a handler 18 or older, and posted warning signage. Michigan's personal-injury limit is three years (MCL 600.5805).
This is general information about Michigan law, not legal advice. Confirm current rules with the official state and municipal sources.